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Publié le : 09/08/2025 14:19
In 2025, the global population has surpassed the historic milestone of 8 billion people, a figure that highlights the constant evolution of our planet. Certain countries alone account for a significant share of this population, giving them major economic, cultural, and geopolitical influence. In this article, we will review the ten most populous countries in the world, analyze the reasons for their demographic growth, and understand the impacts this may have on the future.
Since 2023, India has officially become the most populous country in the world, surpassing China. With its 1.43 billion inhabitants, it accounts for nearly 18% of the world’s population. India has an exceptionally young population, with a median age of about 28, making it a powerful potential workforce for decades to come. However, this rapid growth also brings challenges, such as pollution, resource management, and social inequality. Despite these issues, India is experiencing significant economic growth, particularly in technology, services, and manufacturing.
China, the former global leader in population, still boasts an impressive 1.41 billion inhabitants. However, in recent years, the country has faced a slowdown—and even a decline—in population. The end of the one-child policy in 2016 was not enough to reverse the trend, as aging and low birth rates persist. China remains an economic powerhouse, with massive urbanization and global influence in industry, technology, and trade. Still, it faces major future challenges: an aging population, a shrinking workforce, and internal economic pressures.
With 336 million inhabitants, the United States ranks third in the world. Its demographic growth is driven mainly by immigration, combined with a relatively stable birth rate. As the world’s leading economic and military power, the US attracts millions of people each year seeking opportunities and a better life. However, it also faces significant social challenges, such as economic inequality, racial tensions, and integration issues. The country’s diversity is both a strength and a challenge for its social cohesion.
With 282 million inhabitants, Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and the most populous Muslim-majority nation. Made up of more than 17,000 islands, Indonesia enjoys strong economic growth in trade, tourism, and natural resources. However, the country faces serious environmental challenges, such as rising sea levels and deforestation. Jakarta, the capital, is sinking, prompting the government to consider relocating it. Despite these issues, Indonesia has great growth potential thanks to its young and dynamic population.
Pakistan is home to 247 million people and has one of the fastest population growth rates in the world. Its population doubles roughly every 30 years due to high birth rates and a very young demographic profile. This could become an economic advantage if the country invests heavily in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. However, Pakistan also faces significant challenges: political instability, regional tensions, and growing pressure on its natural resources.
With 233 million inhabitants, Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and one of the youngest in the world, with a median age of just 18. According to UN projections, Nigeria could become the third most populous country by 2050. Rich in natural resources, particularly oil, the country also struggles with limited access to electricity, clean water, and adequate infrastructure. Rapid urbanization brings additional challenges in city planning and sustainable development.
Brazil, with 215 million inhabitants, is the giant of Latin America. Its economy is diverse, spanning agriculture, industry, tourism, and services. With a high urbanization rate, Brazil faces deep social inequalities. The Amazon rainforest, considered the lungs of the planet, is at the center of global environmental debates as deforestation accelerates. The country must find a balance between economic growth and preserving its natural heritage.
With 172 million inhabitants in a relatively small territory, Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with over 1,100 people per square kilometer. Despite the demographic pressure, the country has built a strong economy, particularly in the textile industry, exporting worldwide. However, Bangladesh remains vulnerable to natural disasters, especially floods and cyclones, which are worsened by climate change.
Russia, with its 146 million inhabitants, is a unique case in this ranking. Despite its vast territory, population density is low, and some regions are almost uninhabited. The country faces a demographic decline due to low birth rates and a life expectancy lower than in most developed nations. Immigration, which could help reverse this decline, has decreased due to economic and political factors. This demographic downturn poses major challenges for Russia’s economic and geopolitical future.
With 130 million inhabitants, Mexico closes out the top 10. Its population growth is moderate, but its strategic geographic position in North America is a major asset. The economy relies on a mix of industries, agriculture, and services, with strong trade ties to the United States and Canada. However, the country faces challenges related to violence from drug trafficking and significant migration to the United States, which directly impacts its demographics.
The global population is heavily concentrated in Asia, which accounts for more than 60% of the world’s inhabitants. Africa is the fastest-growing continent demographically, while Europe and North America face an aging population. These dynamics influence global geopolitics, labor markets, trade patterns, and environmental challenges.
Population growth in a country depends on various factors. Birth and death rates remain key indicators, but international migration also plays a crucial role. Public policies—whether they encourage or restrict births—can alter demographic trajectories. Economic development, quality of education, and cultural or religious traditions also shape how a population evolves over time.
A large population can be an economic advantage, providing abundant labor and a strong domestic market. However, it can also place significant pressure on natural resources, infrastructure, and the environment. Countries experiencing rapid growth must balance development with sustainability, while those facing population decline must address aging and labor shortages.
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